Business & Accounting: Evaluating Information

Authority 
who has written this information? what credentials does this person/group have on this subject? Is your source credible? What is the reputation of the source or content author?

Source 
who is responsible for the Web site? what organization is hosting (and paying to keep alive) this page?

Purpose 
why does this site exist? why was it created? Who is the intended audience?

Accuracy 
is the information accurate? can it be verified through another source? is the language objective and impartial or is it subjective and inflammatory? is the information or research documented? 

Depth 
how thoroughly is the topic covered? is it written for college level research? is the information sufficiently complete for your purposes?

Currency 
when was the information published or last updated? does the date matter to your research?

Click image to enlarge Credit: Syracuse University Library
Use this chart for a quick reference to determine if your article falls into the peer-review/scholarly or popular realm of publication

To evaluate a journal article look for:

• Purpose of Article: Why was the article written? To:
  • persuade the reader to do something?
    • For example: vote a certain way, purchase an item, attend an event
  • inform the reader?
    • For example: results of a study/experiment, what happened at an event
  • prove something?
    • For example: that a behavior is bad/good, a method works/doesn't work
       
• Type of Journal: For college-level term papers, information should be obtained mostly from scholarly journals. Scholarly Journals contain articles describing high quality research that has been reviewed by experts in the field prior to publication. Trade magazines may be useful for topics in business or where economic data is needed. There are also good for learning what the current "hot topics" are in an area. Popular magazines, such as Time and Newsweek, should be used sparingly, or not at all
   

• Organization and Content: Is the material organized and focused? Is the argument or presentation understandable? Is this original research, a review of previous research, or an informative piece?
   

• Bias (of the publisher): Some publications have an inherent bias that will impact articles printed in them. Is the journal:
  • left/liberal?
  • right/conservative?
  • center?
  • an alternative press?
  • published by a political action (PAC) group?
• Date of Article: Some topics, such as those in the health sciences, require current information. Other subjects, such as geology, value older material as well as current. Know the time needs of your topic and examine the timeliness of the article; is it:
  • up-to-date,
  • out-of-date, or
  • timeless?
     
• Bibliography: Scholarly works always contain a bibliography of the resources that were consulted. The references in this list should be in sufficient quantity and be appropriate for the content. Look for:
  • if a bibliography exists,
  • if the bibliography is short or long,
  • if the bibliography is selective or comprehensive,
  • if the references are primary sources (ex. journal articles) or only secondary sources (ex. encyclopedias),
  • if the references are contemporary to the article or much older, and
  • if the citation style is clear and consistent.
     
• Usefulness: Is the article relevant to the current research project? A well-researched, well-written, etc. article is not going to be helpful if it does not address the topic at hand. Ask, "is this article useful to me?" If it is a useful article, does it:
  • support an argument
  • refute an argument
  • give examples (survey results, primary research findings, case studies, incidents)
  • provide "wrong" information that can be challenged or disagreed with productively
     

• Authority: Is the author an expert in this field? Where is the author employed? What else has he/she written? Has he/she won awards or honors?

• Coverage: Does the article cover the topic comprehensively, partially, or is it an overview?
   

• Audience: For what type of reader is the author writing? This ties in with the type of journal, as popular magazine are geared to the general reader, while trade magazines are for the specialist and scholarly journals are directed at researchers, scholars or experts in the field. Is the article for:
  • general readers,
  • students (high school, college, graduate),
  • specialists or professionals,
  • researchers or scholars?
     

• Illustrations: Are charts, graphs, maps, photographs, etc. used to illustrate concepts? Are the illustrations relevant? Are they clear and professional-looking?
   

• Context: Information is contextual. Who, what, when, where, why, and how will impact whether or not a resource is useful to you. If you are doing a survey of popular culture, for example, popular magazines would be a useful primary source.